Is Chcl3 Soluble In Water

Organic compound with the formula CHCl3

Chloroform

Names
Preferred IUPAC name Trichloromethane
Other names Chloroform[ane] Methane trichloride Methyl trichloride Methenyl trichloride Methenyl chloride TCM Freon 20 Refrigerant-20 R-twenty UN 1888
Identifiers
CAS Number	67-66-3 Y
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive epitome
ChEBI	CHEBI:35255 Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL44618 Y
ChemSpider	5977 Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.603
EC Number	200-663-8
KEGG	C13827 Y
PubChem CID	6212
RTECS number	FS9100000
UNII	7V31YC746X Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1020306
InChI InChI=1S/CHCl3/c2-one(3)4/h1H Y Key: HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y InChI=1/CHCl3/c2-1(3)4/h1H Key: HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYAG
SMILES ClC(Cl)Cl
Backdrop
Chemic formula	C H Cl 3
Tooth mass	119.37 g·mol−1
Appearance	Colorless liquid
Odor	Misleadingly pleasant ethereal odour, leading to olfactory fatigue
Density	1.564 g/cm3 (−20 °C) one.489 g/cm3 (25 °C) 1.394 g/cm3 (60 °C)
Melting bespeak	−63.5 °C (−82.3 °F; 209.seven K)
Humid signal	61.15 °C (142.07 °F; 334.xxx K) decomposes at 450 °C
Solubility in water	ten.62 g/50 (0 °C) 8.09 k/L (20 °C) seven.32 yard/50 (60 °C)
Solubility	Soluble in benzene Miscible in diethyl ether, oils, ligroin, alcohol, CCl4, CS2
Solubility in acetone	≥ 100 thousand/50 (nineteen °C)
Solubility in dimethyl sulfoxide	≥ 100 g/L (19 °C)
Vapor force per unit area	0.62 kPa (−40 °C) 7.89 kPa (0 °C) 25.nine kPa (25 °C) 313 kPa (100 °C) 2.26 MPa (200 °C)
Henry'due south constabulary constant (yard H)	3.67 L·atm/mol (24 °C)
Acidity (pM a)	15.7 (20 °C)
UV-vis (λmax)	250 nm, 260 nm, 280 nm
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−59.30·10−6 cm3/mol
Thermal electrical conductivity	0.xiii W/m·One thousand (twenty °C)
Refractive index (northward D)	1.4459 (20 °C)
Viscosity	0.563 cP (20 °C)
Structure
Molecular shape	Tetrahedral
Dipole moment	1.15 D
Thermochemistry
Heat chapters (C)	114.25 J/mol·K
Std molar entropy (Due south ⦵ 298)	202.nine J/mol·Thou
Std enthalpy of formation (Δf H ⦵ 298)	−134.iii kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (Δf One thousand ⦵)	−71.1 kJ/mol
Std enthalpy of combustion (Δc H ⦵ 298)	473.21 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
ATC lawmaking	N01AB02 (WHO)
Hazards[7]
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards	Carcinogen – Reproductive toxicity – Specific target organ toxicity (STOT)[2] [3] [iv]
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Indicate word	Danger
Hazard statements	H302, H315, H319, H331, H336, H351, H361d, H372
Precautionary statements	P201, P202, P235, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P311, P314, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (burn diamond)	ii 0 0
Wink indicate	Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	704 mg/kg (mouse, dermal)[5]
LC50 (median concentration)	9,617 ppm (rat, 4 60 minutes)[half-dozen]
LCLo (lowest published)	20,000 ppm (guinea pig, ii hr) seven,056 ppm (cat, 4 hr) 25,000 ppm (human, 5 min)[six]
NIOSH (US wellness exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	50 ppm (240 mg/g3)[iii]
REL (Recommended)	Ca ST ii ppm (9.78 mg/g3) [60-minute][three]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	500 ppm[3]
Safe data sheet (SDS)	[one]
Supplementary information page
Chloroform (information folio)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard land (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Yverify (what is Y N  ?) Infobox references

Chemic compound

Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula CHCl_three and is a common organic solvent. It is a colorless, strong-smelling, dumbo liquid produced on a large scale every bit a precursor to PTFE. It is besides a precursor to various refrigerants.^[8] It is one of the four chloromethanes and a trihalomethane. Information technology is a powerful anesthetic, euphoriant, anxiolytic, and sedative when inhaled or ingested.^{[nine] [10]}

Structure [edit]

The molecule adopts a tetrahedral molecular geometry with C_3v symmetry.^{[ citation needed ]}

Natural occurrence [edit]

The total global flux of chloroform through the environment is approximately 660000 tonnes per year,^[eleven] and virtually xc% of emissions are natural in origin. Many kinds of seaweed produce chloroform, and fungi are believed to produce chloroform in soil.^[12] Abiotic processes are besides believed to contribute to natural chloroform productions in soils although the machinery is still unclear.^[xiii]

Chloroform volatilizes readily from soil and surface water and undergoes deposition in air to produce phosgene, dichloromethane, formyl chloride, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen chloride. Its half-life in air ranges from 55 to 620 days. Biodegradation in water and soil is irksome. Chloroform does non significantly bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.^[14]

History [edit]

Chloroform was synthesized independently by several investigators circa 1831:

• Moldenhawer, a German pharmacist from Frankfurt an der Oder, appears to have produced chloroform in 1830 by mixing chlorinated lime with ethanol; he mistook it for Chloräther (chloric ether, 1,2-dichloroethane), however.^{[15] [xvi]}
• Samuel Guthrie, a U.S. doc from Sackets Harbor, New York, also appears to have produced chloroform in 1831 by reacting chlorinated lime with ethanol, also as noting its anaesthetic properties; he also believed that he had prepared chloric ether, however.^{[17] [eighteen] [19]}
• Justus von Liebig carried out the alkaline cleavage of chloral.^{[20] [21]}
• Eugène Soubeiran obtained the chemical compound past the action of chlorine bleach on both ethanol and acetone.^[22]
• In 1834, French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas determined chloroform's empirical formula and named it.^[23] In 1835, Dumas prepared the substance by the alkaline cleavage of trichloroacetic acid. Regnault prepared chloroform by chlorination of chloromethane.^{[ citation needed ]}
• In 1842, Robert Mortimer Glover in London discovered the anaesthetic qualities of chloroform on laboratory animals.^[24]
• In 1847, Scottish obstetrician James Y. Simpson was the kickoff to demonstrate the anaesthetic properties of chloroform on humans, provided by local pharmacist William Flockhart of Duncan, Flockhart and company,^[25] and helped to popularise the drug for utilise in medicine.^[26] By the 1850s, chloroform was existence produced on a commercial basis, in Britain about 750,000 doses a week by 1895,^[27] by using the Liebig procedure, which retained its importance until the 1960s. Today, chloroform – along with dichloromethane – is prepared exclusively and on a massive scale by the chlorination of methane and chloromethane.^[8]

Product [edit]

In industry production, chloroform is produced by heating a mixture of chlorine and either chloromethane (CH₃Cl) or methyl hydride (CH_iv).^[8] At 400–500 °C, a free radical halogenation occurs, converting these precursors to progressively more chlorinated compounds:

CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl

CH_threeCl + Cl₂ → CH_iiCl₂ + HCl

CH₂Cl_ii + Cl_two → CHCl₃ + HCl

Chloroform undergoes farther chlorination to yield carbon tetrachloride (CCl_iv):

CHCl_iii + Cl_two → CCl_iv + HCl

The output of this procedure is a mixture of the 4 chloromethanes (chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride), which can then be separated by distillation.^[8]

Chloroform may also be produced on a small scale via the haloform reaction between acetone and sodium hypochlorite:^{[ citation needed ]}

3 NaClO + (CH_iii)₂CO → CHCl₃ + 2 NaOH + CH₃COONa

Deuterochloroform [edit]

Deuterated chloroform is an isotopologue of chloroform with a single deuterium atom. CDCl₃ is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy. Deuterochloroform is produced by the haloform reaction,^{[ commendation needed ]} the reaction of acetone (or ethanol) with sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite.^[viii] The haloform process is now obsolete for the production of ordinary chloroform. Deuterochloroform tin be prepared by the reaction of sodium deuteroxide with chloral hydrate.^{[28] [29]}

Inadvertent formation of chloroform [edit]

The haloform reaction can also occur inadvertently in domestic settings. Bleaching with hypochlorite generates halogenated compounds in side reactions; chloroform is the main byproduct.^[xxx] Sodium hypochlorite solution (chlorine bleach) mixed with common household liquids such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethanol, or isopropyl alcohol tin produce some chloroform, in addition to other compounds such every bit chloroacetone or dichloroacetone.^{[ citation needed ]}

Uses [edit]

In terms of calibration, the almost of import reaction of chloroform is with hydrogen fluoride to requite monochlorodifluoromethane (Cfc-22), a precursor in the production of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon):^[8]

CHCl₃ + 2 HF → CHClF_ii + 2 HCl

The reaction is conducted in the presence of a catalytic corporeality of mixed antimony halides. Chlorodifluoromethane is then converted into tetrafluoroethylene, the primary precursor to Teflon. Before the Montreal Protocol, chlorodifluoromethane (designated as R-22) was as well a popular refrigerant.^[31]

Solvent [edit]

The hydrogen fastened to carbon in chloroform participates in hydrogen bonding.^{[32] [33]} Worldwide, chloroform is likewise used in pesticide formulations, as a solvent for fats, oils, rubber, alkaloids, waxes, gutta-percha, and resins, as a cleansing agent, grain fumigant, in burn extinguishers, and in the condom industry.^{[14] [34]} CDCl₃ is a common solvent used in NMR spectroscopy.^{[ citation needed ]}

Lewis acid [edit]

In solvents such as CCl₄ and alkanes, chloroform hydrogen bonds to a variety of Lewis bases. HCCl₃ is classified as a difficult acid and the ECW model lists its acid parameters as E_A = 1.56 and C_A = 0.44.

Reagent [edit]

As a reagent, chloroform serves as a source of the dichlorocarbene :CCl_two group.^[35] It reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide usually in the presence of a stage transfer goad to produce dichlorocarbene, :CCl_two.^{[36] [37]} This reagent effects ortho-formylation of activated effluvious rings such every bit phenols, producing aryl aldehydes in a reaction known as the Reimer–Tiemann reaction. Alternatively, the carbene can exist trapped by an alkene to course a cyclopropane derivative. In the Kharasch addition, chloroform forms the CHCl₂ free radical in addition to alkenes.^{[ citation needed ]}

Anaesthetic [edit]

Antique bottles of chloroform

The anaesthetic qualities of chloroform were first described in 1842 in a thesis by Robert Mortimer Glover, which won the Aureate Medal of the Harveian Gild for that year. Glover likewise undertook practical experiments on dogs to prove his theories. Glover further refined his theories and presented them in the thesis for his doctorate at the University of Edinburgh in the summer of 1847. The Scottish obstetrician James Young Simpson was ane of the persons required to read the thesis, but afterward claimed to have never read the thesis and to have come up to his conclusions independently.^{[ citation needed ]}

On four November 1847, Simpson first discovered the anesthetic qualities of chloroform on humans. He and two colleagues were entertaining themselves by trying the furnishings of various substances, and thus revealed the potential for chloroform in medical procedures.^[25]

A few days later, during the class of a dental procedure in Edinburgh, Francis Brodie Imlach became the first person to use chloroform on a patient in a clinical context.^[38]

In May 1848, Robert Halliday Gunning made a presentation to the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh following a series of laboratory experiments on rabbits that confirmed Glover's findings and likewise refuted Simpson'south claims of originality. A knighthood for Simpson, and massive media coverage of the wonders of chloroform, ensured that Simpson's reputation remained loftier. In dissimilarity, the laboratory experiments proving the dangers of chloroform were largely ignored. Gunning, who became 1 of the richest persons in Britain, endowed some 13 university scholarships under the names of other scientists rather than his own name. He considered Simpson a charlatan, but one of these prizes is named the Simpson Prize for Obstetrics. It is, however, probably a strange reverse compliment, as arguably whatsoever Simpson prize in the wider public heart should be a prize for anaesthesia. Past not calling it this he effectively snubbed Simpson whilst at the same time appearing to honour him.^[39]

The use of chloroform during surgery expanded rapidly thereafter in Europe. In the 1850s, chloroform was used by the doc John Snow during the nativity of Queen Victoria'south last 2 children.^[twoscore] In the United States, chloroform began to supplant ether as an coldhearted at the beginning of the 20th century; it was speedily abandoned in favor of ether upon discovery of its toxicity, notwithstanding, especially its trend to cause fatal cardiac arrhythmia coordinating to what is now termed "sudden sniffer's decease". Some people used chloroform every bit a recreational drug or to endeavor suicide.^[41] One possible mechanism of action for chloroform is that information technology increases movement of potassium ions through certain types of potassium channels in nervus cells.^[42] Chloroform could also be mixed with other anesthetic agents such every bit ether to brand C.E. mixture, or ether and alcohol to make A.C.Due east. mixture.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1848, Hannah Greener, a 15-twelvemonth-sometime girl who was having an infected toenail removed, died after being given the anesthetic.^[43] Her autopsy establishing the cause of death was undertaken by John Fife assisted by Robert Mortimer Glover.^[24] A number of physically fit patients died later inhaling it. In 1848, withal, John Snow developed an inhaler that regulated the dosage and so successfully reduced the number of deaths.^[44]

The opponents and supporters of chloroform were mainly at odds with the question of whether the complications were solely due to respiratory disturbance or whether chloroform had a specific event on the heart. Between 1864 and 1910, numerous commissions in U.k. studied chloroform merely failed to come to any clear conclusions. It was simply in 1911 that Levy proved in experiments with animals that chloroform can crusade cardiac fibrillation. The reservations about chloroform could non halt its soaring popularity. Betwixt 1865 and 1920, chloroform was used in 80 to 95% of all narcoses performed in the Great britain and German-speaking countries. In the United States, still, in that location was less enthusiasm for chloroform narcosis. In Federal republic of germany, the first comprehensive surveys of the fatality rate during anesthesia were fabricated by Gurlt betwixt 1890 and 1897. In 1934, Killian gathered all the statistics compiled until so and establish that the chances of suffering fatal complications under ether were between i:fourteen,000 and 1:28,000, whereas nether chloroform the chances were between 1:iii,000 and 1:6,000. The rise of gas anesthesia using nitrous oxide, improved equipment for administering anesthetics and the discovery of hexobarbital in 1932 led to the gradual decline of chloroform narcosis.^[45]

Criminal use [edit]

Chloroform has reputedly been used past criminals to knock out, daze, or even murder victims. Joseph Harris was charged in 1894 with using chloroform to rob people.^[46] Series killer H. H. Holmes used chloroform overdoses to kill his female victims. In September 1900, chloroform was implicated in the murder of the U.S. businessman William Marsh Rice, the namesake of the institution now known as Rice University. Chloroform was deemed a factor in the alleged murder of a adult female in 1991 when she was asphyxiated while sleeping.^[47] In 2002, xiii-year-quondam Kacie Woody was sedated with chloroform when she was abducted by David Fuller and during the time that he had her, before he shot and killed her.^[48] In a 2007 plea bargain, a human confessed to using stun guns and chloroform to sexually attack minors.^[49]

Utilise of chloroform as an incapacitating agent has become widely recognized, bordering on clichéd, due to the popularity of criminal offence fiction authors having criminals utilise chloroform-soaked rags to render victims unconscious. Nevertheless, it is nearly impossible to incapacitate someone using chloroform in this manner.^[50] It takes at least five minutes of inhaling an item soaked in chloroform to render a person unconscious. Most criminal cases involving chloroform likewise involve some other drug being co-administered, such as alcohol or diazepam, or the victim being found to have been complicit in its administration. After a person has lost consciousness due to chloroform inhalation, a continuous book must be administered, and the chin must be supported to keep the natural language from obstructing the airway, a difficult procedure typically requiring the skills of an anesthesiologist. In 1865 as a direct result of the criminal reputation chloroform had gained, the medical journal The Lancet offered a "permanent scientific reputation" to anyone who could demonstrate "instantaneous insensibility", i.e. losing consciousness instantaneously, using chloroform.^[51]

Safety [edit]

Exposure [edit]

Chloroform is known to form as a past-product of water chlorination along with a range of other disinfection by-products and as such is normally present in municipal tap h2o and swimming pools. Reported ranges vary considerably but are generally below the current health standard for total trihalomethanes of 100μg/L.^[52] Nonetheless, the presence of chloroform in drinking water at any concentration is considered controversial past some.^{[ citation needed ]}

Historically, chloroform exposure may well have been higher due to its mutual utilize equally an anesthetic, as an ingredient in cough syrups, and equally a constituent of tobacco smoke where DDT had previously been used as a fumigant.^[53]

Pharmacology [edit]

It is well absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated quickly past mammals afterward oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure. Accidental splashing into the optics has acquired irritation.^[14] Prolonged dermal exposure tin upshot in the development of sores as a effect of defatting. Emptying is primarily through the lungs in the form of chloroform and carbon dioxide; less than i% is excreted in the urine.^[34]

Chloroform is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P-450 enzymes, by oxidation to chloromethanol and past reduction to the dichloromethyl gratis radical. Other metabolites of chloroform include hydrochloric acid and digluathionyl dithiocarbonate, with carbon dioxide equally the predominant finish product of metabolism.^[54]

Like most other general anesthetics and sedative-hypnotic drugs, chloroform is a positive allosteric modulator for the GABA_A receptor.^[55] Chloroform causes depression of the central nervous system (CNS), ultimately producing deep coma and respiratory center depression.^[54] When ingested, chloroform caused symptoms similar to those seen following inhalation. Serious illness has followed ingestion of 7.5 k (0.26 oz). The hateful lethal oral dose for an adult is estimated at 45 yard (1.6 oz).^[fourteen]

The anesthetic utilize of chloroform has been discontinued because information technology caused deaths due to respiratory failure and cardiac arrhythmias. Following chloroform-induced anesthesia, some patients suffered nausea, vomiting, hyperthermia, jaundice, and coma due to hepatic dysfunction. At autopsy, liver necrosis and degeneration have been observed.^[14]

Chloroform has induced liver tumors in mice and kidney tumors in mice and rats.^[fourteen] The hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of chloroform is thought to be due largely to phosgene.^[54]

Conversion to phosgene [edit]

Chloroform converts slowly in air to the extremely poisonous phosgene (COCl₂), releasing HCl in the process.^[56]

two CHCl₃ + O₂ → 2 COCl_ii + 2 HCl

To forbid accidents, commercial chloroform is stabilized with ethanol or amylene, but samples that accept been recovered or dried no longer incorporate whatsoever stabilizer. Amylene has been found ineffective, and the phosgene can affect analytes in samples, lipids, and nucleic acids dissolved in or extracted with chloroform.^[57] Phosgene and HCl tin can be removed from chloroform by washing with saturated aqueous carbonate solutions, such as sodium bicarbonate. This process is elementary and results in harmless products. Phosgene reacts with water to grade carbon dioxide and HCl,^[58] and the carbonate salt neutralizes the resulting acrid.^[59]

Suspected samples tin exist tested for phosgene using filter newspaper (treated with 5% diphenylamine, 5% dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in ethanol, and and then stale), which turns yellow in phosgene vapor. There are several colorimetric and fluorometric reagents for phosgene, and it tin also exist quantified with mass spectrometry.^[60]

Regulation [edit]

Chloroform is suspected of causing cancer (i.e., possibly carcinogenic, IARC Grouping 2B) as per the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Monographs. [PDF]

It is classified every bit an extremely hazardous substance in the U.s.a. as defined in Department 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Customs Right-to-Know Act (42 UsaC. 11002), and is discipline to strict reporting requirements past facilities that produce, store, or utilize it in pregnant quantities.^[61]

Bioremediation of chloroform [edit]

Some anaerobic bacteria use chloroform for their respiration, termed organohalide respiration, converting it to dichloromethane.^{[62] [63]}

References [edit]

1. ^ "Front Matter". Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. p. 661. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001. ISBN978-0-85404-182-4. The retained names 'bromoform' for HCBr_iii, 'chloroform' for HCCl_three, and 'iodoform' for HCI₃ are acceptable in general nomenclature. Preferred IUPAC names are substitutive names.
2. ^ "Office 3 Health Hazards" (PDF). Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). Second revised edition. United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2019. Retrieved thirty September 2017.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0127". National Establish for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
4. ^ Toxicity on PubChem Archived 17 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine
5. ^ Lewis, Richard J. (2012). Sax'southward Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials (twelfth ed.). ISBN978-0-470-62325-1.
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7. ^ "PubChem: Safety and Hazards – GHS Nomenclature". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.South. National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
8. ^ ^{a b c d due east f} Rossberg, One thousand.; et al. "Chlorinated Hydrocarbons". Ullmann'southward Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical science. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_233.pub2.
9. ^ "Ether and Chloroform". Archived from the original on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
10. ^ "Chloroform [MAK Value Documentation, 2000]". The MAK-Collection for Occupational Health and Safety. 2012. pp. 20–58. doi:10.1002/3527600418.mb6766e0014. ISBN978-3527600410.
11. ^ Gribble, Gordon W. (2004). "Natural Organohalogens: A New Frontier for Medicinal Agents?". Journal of Chemical Instruction. 81 (ten): 1441. Bibcode:2004JChEd..81.1441G. doi:x.1021/ed081p1441.
12. ^ Cappelletti, Grand. (2012). "Microbial degradation of chloroform". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 96 (6): 1395–409. doi:10.1007/s00253-012-4494-1. PMID 23093177. S2CID 12429523.
13. ^ Jiao, Yi; et al. (2018). "Halocarbon Emissions from a Degraded Forested Wetland in Coastal S Carolina Impacted by Bounding main Level Rise". ACS Earth and Space Chemical science. 2 (10): 955–967. Bibcode:2018ESC.....2..955J. doi:x.1021/acsearthspacechem.8b00044. S2CID 134649348.
14. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Chloroform (PDF), CICAD, vol. 58, World Wellness Organization, 2004, archived (PDF) from the original on 31 July 2020
15. ^ Moldenhawer (1830). "Verfahren den Spiritus von dem Fuselöl auf leichte Weise zu befreien" [Procedure for freeing ethanol of fusel oil in an easy way]. Magazin für Pharmacie. 8 (31): 222–227. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved half-dozen May 2016.
16. ^ Defalque, Ray J.; Wright, A. J. (2000). "Was chloroform produced earlier 1831?". Anesthesiology. 92 (1): 290–291. doi:x.1097/00000542-200001000-00060. PMID 10638939.
17. ^ Guthrie, Samuel (1832). "New manner of preparing a spirituous solution of chloric ether". The American Periodical of Science and Arts. 21: 64–65 and 405–408. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
18. ^ Guthrie, Ossian (1887). Memoirs of Dr. Samuel Guthrie, and the History of the Discovery of Chloroform. Chicago: George K. Hazlitt & Co. p. 1.
19. ^ Stratmann, Linda (2003). "Chapter ii". Chloroform: The Quest for Oblivion. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN9780752499314. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
20. ^ Liebig, Justus von (1831). "Ueber die Zersetzung des Alkohols durch Chlor" [On the decomposition of alcohol by chlorine]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 99 (11): 444. Bibcode:1831AnP....99..444L. doi:10.1002/andp.18310991111. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved six May 2016.
21. ^ Liebig, Justus von (1832). "Ueber die Verbindungen, welche durch die Einwirkung des Chlors auf Alkohol, Aether, ölbildendes Gas und Essiggeist entstehen" [On the compounds which arise past the reaction of chlorine with alcohol [ethanol], ether [diethyl ether], oil-forming gas [ethylene], and spirit of vinegar [acetone]]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 100 (2): 243–295. Bibcode:1832AnP...100..243L. doi:10.1002/andp.18321000206.
    On pages 259–265, Liebig describes Chlorkohlenstoff ("carbon chloride", chloroform), simply on p. 264, Liebig incorrectly states that the empirical formula of chloroform is C₂Cl₅.
22. ^ Soubeiran, Eugène (1831). "Recherches sur quelques combinaisons du chlore" [Investigations into some compounds of chlorine]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. Série two. 48: 113–157. Archived from the original on x May 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
    • Reprinted in Soubeiran, Eugène (1831). "Recherches sur quelques combinaisons du chlore" [Investigations on some compounds of chlorine]. Journal de Pharmacie et des Sciences Accessoires. 17: 657–672. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved vi May 2016.
    • Reprinted in Soubeiran, Eugène (1832). "Suite des recherches sur quelques combinaisons du chlore" [Continuation of investigations on some compounds of chlorine]. Journal de Pharmacie et des Sciences Accessoires. 18: 1–24. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
23. ^ Dumas, J.-B. (1834). "Récherches rélative à fifty'activeness du chlore sur fifty'alcool" [Experiments regarding the action of chlorine on alcohol]. Fifty'Institut, Journal Général des Sociétés et Travaux Scientifiques de la French republic et de l'Étranger. 2: 106–108 and 112–115.
    • Reprinted in Dumas, J.-B. (1834). "Untersuchung über die Wirkung des Chlors auf den Alkohol" [Investigation of the action of chlorine on alcohol]. Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 107 (42): 657–673. Bibcode:1834AnP...107..657D. doi:10.1002/andp.18341074202. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
      On p. 653, Dumas states chloroform's empirical formula:

    "Es scheint mir also erweisen, dass die von mir analysirte Substance, … zur Formel lid: C₂H₂Cl₆." (Thus it seems to me to show that the substance [that was] analyzed by me … has as [its empirical] formula: C₂H₂Cl_{half dozen}.) [Note: The coefficients of his empirical formula must be halved.]

    Dumas then notes that chloroform'southward uncomplicated empirical formula resembles that of formic acrid. Furthermore, if chloroform is boiled with potassium hydroxide, i of the products is potassium formate. On p. 654, Dumas names chloroform:

    "Diess hat mich veranlasst diese Substanz mit dem Namen 'Chloroform' zu belegen." (This caused me to bestow this substance with the proper name "chloroform" [i.e., formyl chloride or chloride of formic acid].)

    • Reprinted in Dumas, J.-B. (1835). "Ueber die Wirkung des Chlors auf den Alkohol" [On the action of chlorine on alcohol]. Annalen der Pharmacie. 16 (ii): 164–171. doi:x.1002/jlac.18350160213. Archived from the original on ten May 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
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External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chloroform.

• Chloroform "The Molecular Lifesaver" An article at Oxford Academy providing facts well-nigh chloroform.
• Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 58
• IARC Summaries & Evaluations: Vol. 1 (1972), Vol. 20 (1979), Suppl. vii (1987), Vol. 73 (1999)
• International Chemical Safety Card 0027
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0127". National Institute for Occupational Rubber and Health (NIOSH).
• NIST Standard Reference Database

Is Chcl3 Soluble In Water,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroform

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